Baruch Spinoza
Baruch (de) Spinoza; Dutch: ; Portuguese: ; . His boyhood and early adult business name was "Bento", and his synagogue name was "Baruch", the Hebrew translation of "Bento", which means "blessed". As a correspondent, he primarily signed his name as "Benedictus".}} (24 November 163221 February 1677), also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin. A forerunner of the Age of Enlightenment, Spinoza significantly influenced modern biblical criticism, 17th-century rationalism, and Dutch intellectual culture, establishing himself as one of the most important and radical philosophers of the early modern period. Influenced by Stoicism, Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, Ibn Tufayl, and heterodox Christians, Spinoza was a leading philosopher of the Dutch Golden Age.Spinoza was born in Amsterdam to a Marrano family that fled Portugal for the more tolerant Dutch Republic. He received a traditional Jewish education, learning Hebrew and studying sacred texts within the Portuguese Jewish community, where his father was a prominent merchant. As a young man, Spinoza challenged rabbinic authority and questioned Jewish doctrines, leading to his permanent expulsion from the Jewish community in 1656. Following his excommunication, he distanced himself from all religious affiliations and devoted himself to philosophical inquiry and lens grinding. Spinoza attracted a dedicated circle of followers who gathered to discuss his writings and joined him in the intellectual pursuit of truth.
Spinoza published little to avoid persecution and bans on his books. In his ''Tractatus Theologico-Politicus'', described by Steven Nadler as "one of the most important books of Western thought", Spinoza questioned the divine origin of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of God while arguing that ecclesiastic authority should have no role in a secular, democratic state. ''Ethics'' argues for a pantheistic view of God and explores the place of human freedom in a world devoid of theological, cosmological, and political moorings. Rejecting messianism and the emphasis on the afterlife, Spinoza emphasized appreciating and valuing life for oneself and others. By advocating for individual liberty in its moral, psychological, and metaphysical dimensions, Spinoza helped establish the genre of political writing called secular theology.
Spinoza's philosophy spans nearly every area of philosophical discourse, including metaphysics, epistemology, political philosophy, ethics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science. His friends posthumously published his works, captivating philosophers for the next two centuries. Celebrated as one of the most original and influential thinkers of the seventeenth century, Rebecca Goldstein dubbed him "the renegade Jew who gave us modernity."
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Philosophy of Benedict de Spinoza / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Spinoza's ethics / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Short treatise on God, man & his well being. by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Spinoza's Ethics and "De intellectus emendatione". by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Selections, by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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The ethics and selected letters / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Opera. by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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The collected works of Spinoza / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Ethics / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Theological-political treatise / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Theological-political treatise / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Ethics / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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The correspondence of Spinoza, by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Ethics preceded by On the improvement of the understanding. by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Chief works; by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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A treatise partly theological, and partly political : containing some few discourses, to prove that the liberty of philosophizing (that is making use of natural reason) may be allo... by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Ethics = ethica ordine geometrico demonstrata / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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The collected works of Spinoza. by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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A Spinoza reader : The ethics and other works / by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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Harmony of the spheres / by Franssens, Joep, Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
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