Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last monarch of the House of Tudor.Elizabeth was the only surviving child of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. When Elizabeth was two years old, her parents' marriage was annulled, her mother was executed, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Henry restored her to the line of succession when she was 10, via the Third Succession Act 1543. After Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother Edward VI ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a Protestant cousin, Lady Jane Grey, and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the Catholic Mary and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statutes to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside within weeks of his death and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.
Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor. This era, later named the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, would evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. Because of this she is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, James VI of Scotland, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots.
In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been. One of her mottoes was ("I see and keep silent"). In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope declared her illegitimate in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by Sir Francis Walsingham. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain.
As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her virginity. A cult of personality grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. Elizabeth's reign became known as the Elizabethan era. The period is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, and for the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her fair share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer ("Gloriana") and a dogged survivor ("Good Queen Bess") in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. After the short, disastrous reigns of her half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped to forge a sense of national identity. Provided by Wikipedia
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101
By the Queene : A proclamation for reuocation of sundrie her Maiesties subiectes remayning beyond the seas under colour of studie, and yet liuing contrarie to the lawes of God and...
Published 1580Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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102
By the Queene : Elizabeth by the grace of God queene of England, Fraunce, and Ireland ... Whereas we by our letters patents dated at Westminster the fourth day of Iune in the twent...
Published 1588Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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103
By the Queene : the Queenes Maiestie, hearing credibly by report, that in some partes of her realme, her people and subiectes are, and of late have ben vexed and molested, by certa...
Published 1572Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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104
By the Queene : the Queenes most excellent Maiestie, finding the great misusage in the execution of sundry of her Highnesse grants made to diuer persons, touching certaine penall s...
Published 1579Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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105
By the Queene : the Queenes Maiestie considering the euil disposition of sundry her subiects, to keepe the ancient orders for abstinence from eating of flesh, aswell in the time of...
Published 1597Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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106
By the Queene : the Queenes Maiestie geueth all maner her subiectes to vnerstande, that where of late it hath ben agreed at Brugis in Flaunders, in a treatie for matters of enterc...
Published 1565Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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107
By the Queene : where in the Parliament holden at Westminster in the xxiiii. yeere of the reigne of the late ... King Henry the eight ... there was an acte and statute made touchin...
Published 1579Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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108
By the Queene : where in the Parliament holden at Westminster, the second day of Aprill, in the xiii yere of the reign of our soueraign Lady the Queene, there was for the reliefe o...
Published 1597Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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109
By the Queenes commaundement : forasmuch as it is found by good proofe, that many persons which haue serued of late on the seas, in the iourney towardes Spayne and Portingall, in...
Published 1589Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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110
By the Queenes Maiestie : Elizabeth by the grace of God, Queene of England, France and Ireland, defendour of the faith &c. : because it hath pleased almighty God by calling to his...
Published 1618Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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111
By the Quene : although the Quenes most excellent Maiestie myght accordyng to the good example of good and wyse prynces, leuie great sommes of money at this presente, by due execut...
Published 1559Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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112
By the Quene : ryght trusty and welbeloued, we greete you well : we understande by sundry meanes, that where of late we ordered a proclamation to be published in certeyne counties...
Published 1563Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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113
By the Quene : the Quenes Maiestie consyderyng the returne of no small numbers of her faythfull subiectes, hauyng truely and valiauntly serued at Newhauen, and beyng many of the sa...
Published 1563Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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114
By the Quene : the Quenes Maiestie vnderstandyng that where of late the peece of golde called the pistolet was made currant at fyue shyllynges and ten pence ...
Published 1560Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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115
By the Quene : the Quenes Maiestie beyng infourmed, that in some partes of her realme, sundrye either ignoraunt or malicious people do spreade rumours abrode that the base testons...
Published 1560Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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116
By the Quene : the Quenes Maiestie perceyueth that not withstanding her commaundement lately publyshed for the ceassing of certayne vayne and vntrue reportes touching a decry of mo...
Published 1562Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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117
By the Quene : where in the Parliament begon and holden at Westminster the eyght daye of Iune, in the xxviii. yere of the raigne of the noble king of famouse memorye King Henry the...
Published 1564Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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118
By the Quene : wheras the Quenes Maiestie vpon the earnest intention that she alwayes had and yet hath, to mainteyne the good and auncient amitie betwixt her Maiestie and the kyng...
Published 1564Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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119
A Declaration of the Queenes Maiesties most gratious dealing with William Marsden and Robert Anderton, seminarie priests : sithence the time of their iust condemnation, being conui...
Published 1586Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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120
A decree of the Priuye Counsell at Westminster Anno 1.5.5.9.xx. October : articles agreed uppon by the lordes and other the Quenes Maiesties Pryuy Counsayle, for a reformation of t...
Published 1559Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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