Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last monarch of the House of Tudor.Elizabeth was the only surviving child of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. When Elizabeth was two years old, her parents' marriage was annulled, her mother was executed, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Henry restored her to the line of succession when she was 10, via the Third Succession Act 1543. After Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother Edward VI ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a Protestant cousin, Lady Jane Grey, and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the Catholic Mary and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statutes to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside within weeks of his death and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.
Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor. This era, later named the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, would evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. Because of this she is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, James VI of Scotland, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots.
In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been. One of her mottoes was ("I see and keep silent"). In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope declared her illegitimate in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by Sir Francis Walsingham. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain.
As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her virginity. A cult of personality grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. Elizabeth's reign became known as the Elizabethan era. The period is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, and for the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her fair share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer ("Gloriana") and a dogged survivor ("Good Queen Bess") in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. After the short, disastrous reigns of her half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped to forge a sense of national identity. Provided by Wikipedia
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81
By the Quene : the Quenes Maiestie strayghtly co[m]maundeth all maner her admirals, vice admirals, captaynes, and maisters of her shippes ... to permit & suffer al maner of subiect...
Published 1618Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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82
By the Quene : the Quenes Maiestie perceauyng that notwithstandyng the notorious offence of Thomas Cobham, committed on the seas agaynst certayne subiectes of her good brother the...
Published 1564Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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83
By the Queene, a proclamation for maintenaunce of tillage
Published 1618Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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84
By the Queene, a proclamation for bringing into the realme of vnlawfull and seditious bookes
Published 1618Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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85
By the Queene, a proclamation to represse all piracies and depredations vpon the seas.
Published 1618Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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86
By the Queene : forasmuch as the Queenes Maiestie our soueraigne lady is crediblie enfourmed that the infection of the plague is at this present in sundry places in and a...
Published 1618Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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87
By the Queene : whereas the Queenes Maiestie our soueraigne lady by reason of the plague and pestilence in the citie of London dyd lately by her proclamation adiourne part of the...
Published 1618Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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88
By the Queene : the Queenes most excellent Maiestie considering that the great & horrible conspiracies, treasons, and rebellions lately practised ...
Published 1618Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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89
By the Queene : forasmuch as the Queenes Maiestie our soueraigne ladie is crediblie enformed that the infection of the plague is at this present in sundry places in & about the cit...
Published 1618Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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90
By the Queene : where in the Parliament holden at Westminster the second day of April in the xiii yeere of the reigne of our soueraigne lady the Queene, there was for the reliefe o...
Published 1590Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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91
By the Queene : the Queenes Maiestie vnderstanding the great disorder that of late hath beene, and yet is daily vsed, in and about the cities of London and Westminster ...
Published 1594Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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92
Iniunctions giuen by the Queenes Maiestie, anno Dom. 1559, the first yeere of the raigne of Our Soueraign Lady Queene Elizabeth
Published 1573Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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93
[An exemplification of the Queenes M]aiesties letters patent concern[ing --- t]owne and port of Hasting, in the countie of Sussex
Published 1578Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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94
An acte for the maintenance of the peere and cobbe of Lyme Regis, in the countie of Dorset
Published 1585Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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95
By the Queene : a proclamation for thexecution of the lawes made agaynst vnlawful reteynors, &c.
Published 1559Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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96
By the Queene : a proclamation agaynst the maintenaunce of pirates.
Published 1569Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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97
By the Queene : a proclamation for the prices of wines.
Published 1583Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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98
By the Queene : a proclamation to be published in Cornewall, Deuonshire, Dorcetshire and Hampshire, for restitution of goods lately taken on the seas from the subiects of the king...
Published 1591Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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99
By the Queene : a proclamation for proceeding against Iesuites and secular priests, their receiuers, relieuers, and maintainers.
Published 1602Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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100
By the Queene : a proclamation for pardon to them of Tindale and Riddesdale.
Published 1560Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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