Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last monarch of the House of Tudor.Elizabeth was the only surviving child of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. When Elizabeth was two years old, her parents' marriage was annulled, her mother was executed, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Henry restored her to the line of succession when she was 10, via the Third Succession Act 1543. After Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother Edward VI ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a Protestant cousin, Lady Jane Grey, and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the Catholic Mary and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statutes to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside within weeks of his death and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.
Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor. This era, later named the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, would evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. Because of this she is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, James VI of Scotland, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots.
In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been. One of her mottoes was ("I see and keep silent"). In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope declared her illegitimate in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by Sir Francis Walsingham. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain.
As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her virginity. A cult of personality grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. Elizabeth's reign became known as the Elizabethan era. The period is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, and for the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her fair share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer ("Gloriana") and a dogged survivor ("Good Queen Bess") in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. After the short, disastrous reigns of her half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped to forge a sense of national identity. Provided by Wikipedia
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361
A proclamacyon : sett furthe by the Lorde Iustice and Counsell at Dublyn the 16. of Auguste, the yere of Our Lorde God 1564. and in the sixt yeare of the reigne of Our Most Drade S...
Published 1564Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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362
By the Queene : the Queens Most Excellent Maiestie finding by the records of both her realmes of England and Ireland, that is the times of diuers her progentors Kings of England &...
Published 1601Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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363
The novels of Elizabeth, Queen of England : containing the history of Queen Ann of Bullen / by Aulnoy, Madame d' 1650 or 1651-1705
Published 1680Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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364
Supplications of saints : a book of prayers and praises : in four parts, 1. Daniel's devotion. 1. Thrice every day. 2. Pauls assembly. 2. Companies. 3. Davids suite. 3. Every one a... by Sorocold, Thomas, 1561-1617
Published 1660Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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365
A Portrait of Elizabeth I, in the words of the Queen and her contemporaries /
Published 1980Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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366
A true copie or transcript of hir Maiesties letters pattents graunted to the inhabitants of Selsey for the repairing of an auncient towre or steeple there being continued for a not...
Published 1590Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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367
A booke containing all such proclamations as were published during the raigne of the late Queene Elizabeth /
Published 1618Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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368
A godlie meditation of the Christian soule : concerning a loue towards God and his church / by Marguerite, Queen, consort of Henry II, King of Navarre, 1492-1549
Published 1590Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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369
A godly medytacyon of the christen sowle, concerninge a loue towardes God and hys Christe, compyled in frenche by lady Margarete quene of Nauerre, and aptely translated into Englys... by Marguerite, Queen, consort of Henry II, King of Navarre, 1492-1549
Published 1548Other Authors:Call Number: Loading…CONNECT
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370
Supplications of saints. : A booke of prayers and prayses. In foure parts ... wherein are three most excellent prayers, made by the late famous Queen Elizabeth. / by Sorocold, Thomas, 1561-1617
Published 1619Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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371
Iniunctions geuen by the Queenes Maiestie. Anno Domini. 1559. The first yere of the raigne of our soueraigne lady Queene Elizabeth..
Published 1577Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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372
A proclamation for the obseruation and due execution of certayne statutes : and a summarie abridgement of euery of the same statutes folowyng, to be duely kept and obserued within...
Published 1576Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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373
Supplications of saints. : A booke of prayers and prayses. In foure parts. I Daniels deuotio[n]. 2 Pauls assembly. 3 Dauids suite. 4 Moses song. Prayers for I Thrice euery day. 2 C... by Sorocold, Thomas, 1561-1617
Published 1635Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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374
Supplications of saints. : A booke of prayers and prayses. In four parts. Prayers for I Daniels deuotio[n]. 2 Pauls assembly. 3 Dauids suite. 4 Moses song. I Thrice euery day. 2 Co... by Sorocold, Thomas, 1561-1617
Published 1637Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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375
[A godly medytacyon of the Christen sowle] / by Marguerite, Queen, consort of Henry II, King of Navarre, 1492-1549
Published 1568Other Authors:Call Number: Loading…CONNECT
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376
The Queenes Maiesties proclamation against the Earle of Tirone, and other principall traytors in Vlster, confederate with him, and offer of pardon to such as haue bin by false pers...
Published 1595Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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377
The consolation of Queen Elizabeth I : the queen's translation of Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae : Public Record Office, Manuscript SP 12/289 / by Boethius, -524
Published 2009Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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378
The exemplification of the Queenes Maiesties letters pattents directed for the reliefe of Gregory Pormorte, marchant of the towne of Kingstone vpon Hull, to her Maiesties louing su...
Published 1586Other Authors:Call Number: Loading…CONNECT
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379
Anno quinto reginae Elizabethe. : At the Parliament holden at Westmynster, the .xii. of Ianuary in the fifth yere of the raigne of our soueraigne ladye, Elizabeth by the grace of G...
Published 1563Other Authors:Call Number: Loading…CONNECT
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380
Iniunctions geuen by the Queenes Maiestie. : Anno Domini. 1559. The first yere of the raigne of our' Soueraigne Lady Queene Elizabeth.
Published 1564Other Authors:Call Number: Loading…CONNECT
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