Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last monarch of the House of Tudor.Elizabeth was the only surviving child of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. When Elizabeth was two years old, her parents' marriage was annulled, her mother was executed, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Henry restored her to the line of succession when she was 10, via the Third Succession Act 1543. After Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother Edward VI ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a Protestant cousin, Lady Jane Grey, and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the Catholic Mary and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statutes to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside within weeks of his death and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.
Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor. This era, later named the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, would evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. Because of this she is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, James VI of Scotland, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots.
In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been. One of her mottoes was ("I see and keep silent"). In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope declared her illegitimate in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by Sir Francis Walsingham. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain.
As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her virginity. A cult of personality grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. Elizabeth's reign became known as the Elizabethan era. The period is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, and for the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her fair share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer ("Gloriana") and a dogged survivor ("Good Queen Bess") in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. After the short, disastrous reigns of her half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped to forge a sense of national identity. Provided by Wikipedia
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321
By the Queene. : The Queenes Maiestie being geuen to vnderstand, that chiefly through the disorderly traffiquing of such her marchauntes as trade into Fraunce for wines, the sayde...
Published 1575Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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322
By the Queene. : Forasmuche as the Queenes Maiestie our soueraigne Lady is credibly enfourmed, that the infection of the plague is at this present in sundry places in about the cit...
Published 1575Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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323
By the Queene. : Forasmuche as the Queenes Maiestie is infourmed, that diuers of her Highnesse subiectes, vnder pretence of seruice on the seas, haue some armed ships and vessels,...
Published 1575Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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324
By the Queene. : The Queenes Maiestie vpon consyderations very great, and presently importyng the mayntenaunce of her people in peace with her neyghbours, and the conseruation at h...
Published 1575Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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325
By the Queene. Whereas the Queenes most excellent Maiestie, vpon information heretofore geuen vnto the same, of the great and excessiue pryces that wynes, transported hither out o... by England and Wales. Sovereign (1558-1603 : Elizabeth I)
Published 1576Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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326
By the Queene. : Forasmuche as the Queenes Maiestie our soueraigne lady is credibly infourmed, that the infection of the plague is at this present in sundry places in and about the...
Published 1576Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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327
By the Queene. : Whereas of late yeeres, there hath ben an intermission of the free traffike of marchauntes, betwixt the kyngdomes and countreyes of the Queenes Maiestrie of Englan...
Published 1576Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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328
By the Queene. : Forasmuche as vpon the lamentable complaynt made vnto the Queenes most excellent Maiestie by sundrye her louing subiectes, the clothiers of diuers partes of the r...
Published 1576Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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329
By the Queene. : Whereas the Queenes Maiestie hath by sundry former proclamations notified vnto her louing subiectes of this realme, the great inconuenience and mischiefe that hath...
Published 1577Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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330
By the Queene. : Whereas her Maiestie is giuen to vnderstand, that although she hath payd & disbursed all maner of chardges and expenses apperteyning to her Maiesties houshold ...
Published 1577Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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331
By the Queene. : An exemplification of her Maiesties letters patent, concerning her Highnesse towne and port of Hasting, in the countie of Sussex. Elizabeth, by the grace of God,...
Published 1578Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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332
By the Queene. : Where it is ordeined and proiuded, by a statute made and established in the Parliament holden at Westminster, the eyght day of June, in the twentie and eyght yeere...
Published 1578Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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333
By the Queene. : The Queenes Maiestie, perceiuing the state of the citie of London, (being aunciently termed her chambre) and the suburbes & confines thereof, to increase daily by...
Published 1580Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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334
By the Queene. : Where in the Parliament holden at Westminster, in the thirteenth yeere of the Queenes Maiesties raigne, amongst other things, there was one acte and statute made,...
Published 1581Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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335
By the Queene. : A proclamation for the prices of wine. Whereas is ordeined and prouided by a statute made & established in the Parliament holden at Westminster the viii. day of J...
Published 1581Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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336
Orders set downe and allowed by the Lordes of her Maiesties priuie counsell, : and appoynted to be put in print for her Maiesties seruice: concerning the postes of this realme in g...
Published 1584Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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337
Orders conceiued and set dovvne by the Lords of her Maiesties Priuie Councell, and Highnesse speciall direction, : to be put in execution for the restraint of killing and eating fl...
Published 1590Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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338
By the Queene. : A proclamation commanding all persons vpon the borders of England, to keepe peace towards Scotland, vpon the like proclamation by the King of Scots towards England...
Published 1596Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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339
By the Queene. : Whereas the Earle of Essex, accompanied with the Earles of Rutland and Southampton and diuers other their complices, gentlemen of birth and qualitie, knowing thems...
Published 1600Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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340
Orders conceiued by the Lords of her Maiesties Priuie Counsel, and by her highnesse special direction, : commanded to be put in execution for the restraint of killing, and eating o...
Published 1601Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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