Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last monarch of the House of Tudor.Elizabeth was the only surviving child of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. When Elizabeth was two years old, her parents' marriage was annulled, her mother was executed, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Henry restored her to the line of succession when she was 10, via the Third Succession Act 1543. After Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother Edward VI ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a Protestant cousin, Lady Jane Grey, and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the Catholic Mary and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statutes to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside within weeks of his death and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.
Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor. This era, later named the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, would evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. Because of this she is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, James VI of Scotland, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots.
In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been. One of her mottoes was ("I see and keep silent"). In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope declared her illegitimate in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by Sir Francis Walsingham. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain.
As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her virginity. A cult of personality grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. Elizabeth's reign became known as the Elizabethan era. The period is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, and for the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her fair share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer ("Gloriana") and a dogged survivor ("Good Queen Bess") in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. After the short, disastrous reigns of her half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped to forge a sense of national identity. Provided by Wikipedia
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By the Queene. A proclamation to forbid all maner of persons to resort to any townes held by the French Kings rebels, or to traffique with any of them, vpon paine to be punished as...
Published 1591Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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202
By the Queene. Whereas heretofore sundry wayes haue bene deuised to redresse the disorders among the postes of our realme in generall, and particularly to preuent the inconuenience...
Published 1591Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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203
By the Queene. A proclamation straightly commanding that no corne nor other victuall, nor any ordonance, nor furniture for shipping be caried into any of the king of Spaines countr...
Published 1591Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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204
By the Queene. A declaration of great troubles pretended against the realme by a number of seminarie priests and Iesuits, sent, and very secretly dispersed in the same, to worke gr...
Published 1591Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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205
By the Queene. The Queenes Maiesty vnderstanding of the common wandring abroad of a great multitude of her people, whereof the most part pretend, that they haue serued in the warre...
Published 1591Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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206
By the Queene. A proclamation to be published in Cornewall, Deuonshire, Dorcetshire and Hampshire, for restitution of goods lately taken on the seas from the subiects of the King o...
Published 1618Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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207
By the Queene. A proclamation to charge all persons that haue gotten any maner goods into their possession, which haue beene taken on the seas this last yeere, and haue not bene cu...
Published 1592Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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208
By the Queene. A proclamation for the reformation of sundry abuses about making of clothes : called Deuonshire kersies, or dozens, whereby the statutes made in Queene Maries time,...
Published 1592Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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209
By the Queene. Where for the seruice of her Maiestie, and her realme, committed to Sir Walter Raleigh Knight, captaine of her Maiesties garde, to bee done vpon the seas for defence...
Published 1618Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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210
By the Queene. A proclamation by her Maiesties commandement, for bidding the making or forging of any iron ordonance, aboue the quantitie of the piece commonly called the minion, w...
Published 1592Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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211
By the Queene. A proclamation for adiournment of part of Michaelmas terme. 1592
Published 1592Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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212
By the Queene. The Queenes most excellent Maiestie being certainly informed of diuers great spoiles made of the goods lade[n] in a Spanish carraque lately brought to Dertmouth in D...
Published 1592Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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213
By the Queene. A proclamation to restraine accesse to the court, of all such as are not bound to ordinarie attendance, or that shall not be otherwise licenced by her Maiestie
Published 1592Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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214
By the Queene. A proclamation for keeping the terme at Hartford Castle, and for adiournement of the same fron Mense Michaelis, vntill Crastino Animarum
Published 1592Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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215
By the Queene. A proclamation to adiourne the terme ending for Michaelmas vnto Westminster, to beginne at Octabis Hillarij
Published 1592Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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216
By the Queene. The Queenes most excellent Maiestie being credibly enformed that the infection of the plague is at this present greatly increased and dispersed as wel in the citie o...
Published 1593Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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217
By the Queene. A proclamation to restraine accesse to the court, of all such as are not bound to ordinarie attendance, or that shall not be otherwise by her Maiestie
Published 1593Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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218
By the Queene. The Queenes most excellent Maiestie in her princely nature, considering how dangerous a matter it is by continuance of the faire called Bartholomew faire ...
Published 1593Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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219
A proclamation to reforme the disorder in accesse of greater number of persons to the court, then haue iust cause so to doe
Published 1593Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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220
By the Queene. The Queenes most excellent Maiestie, vnderstanding that the infection of the plague in the cities of London and Westminster doth yet continue,...so as with safetie t...
Published 1593Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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