Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last monarch of the House of Tudor.Elizabeth was the only surviving child of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. When Elizabeth was two years old, her parents' marriage was annulled, her mother was executed, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Henry restored her to the line of succession when she was 10, via the Third Succession Act 1543. After Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother Edward VI ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a Protestant cousin, Lady Jane Grey, and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the Catholic Mary and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statutes to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside within weeks of his death and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.
Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor. This era, later named the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, would evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. Because of this she is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, James VI of Scotland, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots.
In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been. One of her mottoes was ("I see and keep silent"). In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope declared her illegitimate in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by Sir Francis Walsingham. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain.
As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her virginity. A cult of personality grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. Elizabeth's reign became known as the Elizabethan era. The period is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, and for the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her fair share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer ("Gloriana") and a dogged survivor ("Good Queen Bess") in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. After the short, disastrous reigns of her half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped to forge a sense of national identity. Provided by Wikipedia
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181
By the Queene. A proclamation for waightes published by the Queenes Maiesties commaundement
Published 1587Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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182
A declaration of the Queenes Maiesties will and commaundement, to haue certaine lawes and orders put in execution against the excesse of apparell, notified by her commandement in t...
Published 1587Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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183
By the Queene. A proclamation against the bringing in, dispersing, vttering and keeping of bulles from the sea of Rome, and other traiterous and sedicious libels, bookes and pamphl...
Published 1588Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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184
By the Queenes most excellent Maiestie. The Queenes most excellent Maiestie, being minded in this daungerous time to intertaine a certaine number of captaines and souldiers for the...
Published 1588Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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185
By the Queene. The Queenes Maiestie being giuen to vnderstand, that diuers souldiers vpon the dissoluing of the campe at Tilberie in the countie of Essex ...
Published 1588Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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186
By the Queene. The Queenes most excellent Maiestie hauing ordred that a certaine number of souldiers shall bee foorthwith leuyed and pressed to repaire into the lowe Countreyes .....
Published 1588Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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187
By the Queene. A proclamation for the prorogation of the Parliament from the xij. of Nouember next comming, to the iii. of Februarie following
Published 1588Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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188
By the Queene. A proclamation for the restraint of transportation of graine
Published 1588Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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189
Orders conceaued and set dovvne by the Lords of her Maiesties Priuie Counsel, by her highnesse special direction, to be put in execution for the restraint of killing and eating of...
Published 1589Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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190
By the Queene. A proclamation against certaine seditious and schismatical bookes and libels, &c.
Published 1589Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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191
By the Queene. A proclamation, inhibiting the execution of any exemplification of her Maiesties graunt of the penaltie of the statute for sowing of hempe and flaxe seede
Published 1589Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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192
By the Queene. The Queenes most excellent Maiestie being giuen to vnderstand, that diuers, as well souldiers as mariners employed in the late Portingall voyage ...
Published 1589Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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193
By the Queene. A proclamation against vagarant souldiers and others
Published 1589Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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194
By the Queene. A proclamation for the prices of wines
Published 1589Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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195
By the Queene. Elizabeth by the grace of God [et]c. To our right trustie and right welbeloued counsellor, William Lord Burghley our high treasorer of England ...
Published 1590Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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196
By the Queene. A proclamation commaunding the execution of an acte of Parliament, prouided for auoiding of dangerous annoyances about cities, burroughes and townes within the realm...
Published 1590Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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197
By the Queene. Where the Queenes most excellent Maiestie, being giuen to vnderstand of a very great outrage lately committed by some apprentices, and others being masterlesse men,...
Published 1618Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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198
By the Queene. A proclamation forbidding the transportation and carriage of all manner of graine and beere out of the realme, to endure vntill the next Michaelmas hereafter followi...
Published 1590Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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199
By the Queene. A proclamation for the prices of wines
Published 1590Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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200
By the Queene. The Queenes Maiesties proclamation, declaring her princelie intention to inhibit her subiects vpon most extreme paines, from offending on the seas : any persons in t...
Published 1591Other Authors: “…Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603…”
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